1995 Polaris Magnum 425 Wiring Diagram

" adventure "of Francophone African literature

The French-speaking black African countries are celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of their independence. The literature has witnessed immediate emancipation. Literature so young that it is not surprising for a reader African cross some classic authors he read in high school or college. Do we know for example that the Ivorian Ahmadou Kourouma (photo) - who in 2000 was attributed to the Renaudot Allah is not obliged - was in fact long been a classic in French-speaking? Bernard Dadi, another Ivorian, enjoys this status and wanders the streets, shaking hands with women who sell attieke in the markets of Abidjan. Cheikh Hamidou Kane, author of the legendary adventure ambiguous gives advice to young writers of Senegal. Many schoolchildren in Central Africa have had during the trials of French dictation excerpts from works by Henri Lopes, the Congolese writer currently residing in France. When I talk to him, he smiled, forgetting the lashes I bailed because of mistakes made during this terrible ordeal. Difficulty or fun to wear the status of "living classic"? No doubt both even in France we would hesitate to recognize the privilege of conventional JM G Le Clezio, Pierre Michon, Patrick Modiano and Pascal Quignard.

Youth of Francophone African literature should not obscure the fact that there are ancient texts in African languages and oral literature that dates back to time immemorial. Mali's Amadou Ba Hampaté was right to proclaim to the forum Unesco in 1960: "In Africa when old man dies a library burns .

Written literature came much later, with the "encounter" the white man. During the period of literate Africans texts on Africa were mainly from Western authors. It was the reign of colonial literature with the sin of the exoticism associated with such an approach. The "Black African literature" has emerged only from the time when Africans have "hijacked" the colonizer's language to tell themselves the world, confirming the passage proverb often quoted by Hampate Ba " When a goat is present, one should not bleat its place " .

early work had a "mission" to display the face of Western wealth Africa's cultural and castigate the colonial system as would illustrate, in 1921, a "black brother" in the Guyanese Maran Batouala, "genuine negro novel", which received the Prix Goncourt. This novel has probably signed the birth certificate of the "Black African literature," which, in the late thirties, influenced by the presence in Paris intellectuals and writers, African Americans, would get the ball rolling the blackness driven Leopold Sedar Senghor, Aime Cesaire and Leon Damas Gontran.

Placed under the sign of the claim, this literature was fundamentally committed and "missionnée. In 1948, with the Anthology of New Poetry and Malagasy negro French language published by Senghor and prefaced by Jean-Paul Sartre that literature Negro African consolidates. Two novelists mark the years fifty: Camara Laye ( L'Enfant Noir ) and Mongo Beti ( City Cruel ). Introduced the first self-fiction, places the individual at the heart of the story while the second carries the virulence of the founders of Negritude. Two competing designs whose consequences are still evident in contemporary productions. After independence the most iconic works are those of the Malian Yambo Ouologuem ( The duty of violence ) and Ahmadou Kourouma ( The Suns of Independence) . Ouologuem opts for the insolence of the mind and points the responsibility of Africans about their woes while Kourouma scrutinizes the clash between traditional African societies and civilization model imposed by the West.

In the late seventies, the criticism against colonization is "replaced" by the plea against dictatorships now entrenched in most African countries. Sony Labou Tansi is one of the leading authors of that era. Life in ½ , installing in the heart of the character of African fiction dictator - like the Latin American authors - Labou Tansi also drew the figure of the rebel immortal nemesis of the dictatorship. It was also during this time that the female voices, previously unknown, are heard with Mariama Ba ( So Long a Letter), Aminata Sow Fall (Strike beaten) or Ken Bugul (The crazy baobab).

In the years ninety the wind of democracy blowing across the continent after the "discourse of La Baule delivered June 20, 1990 by François Mitterrand. But Africa is the scene of civil wars. We discover with astonishment the "child soldiers", and novelists seize the theme - including Ahmadou Kourouma (Allah is not obliged ). The most sensational drama came in 1994 with a genocide in Rwanda planned and executed by Hutus against Tutsis. Works of fiction in which echo The eldest of the orphans of Monénembo Tierno, Murambi Boubacar Boris Diop and Harvest of skulls Abdourahman Waberi. Abundant "witness literature" will follow the literature by survivors. Since the late ninety a new generation of writers has emerged with names that are becoming more and more: Leonora Miano, Fatou Diome Sami Tchak Gilbert Gatore etc.. Almost all live in Europe or the United States and publish their books in France, resulting in a "deterritorialization" of "black thought". This is not new: Senghor, Cesaire, Mongo Beti etc.., Published their works from abroad while the large "black movements" were born in Paris or the United States.

Finally, black African literature in French is widely popularized in American universities where it is an autonomous discipline and very popular. Way that many observers would like France to take because there is no doubt that the works of these authors contribute to the foremost literary heritage of French expression.

Alain Mabanckou

This text was published in full in Le Monde (in opening, and on page 4 of "World of Books" April 15, 2010).

Remove Brown Spots On Cutlery

Mohammed Aïssaoui salutes the slave Furcy ... A

Remember that legally, during slavery, the negro n ' was a well a furniture as well as the chest or shoes. All those studied the " property law " know that the owner of a cabinet has the power to use, dispose as he sees fit. It has the usus , the abusus and fructus (the right to grow). We also know that slavery was abolished in 1794 but restored a few years later, in 1804, by Bonaparte. Yet we must "beware" of a slave who learned to read and write, to reason, therefore, to dissect the words of the law of master. Thus did the slave Furcy reckless. He is thirty-one years in 1817, the island of Reunion (then Bourbon Island) when he decides to go to the District Court of Saint-Denis . It is for a prosecutor to achieve recognition of its status as a freedman which he denied and which, de jure would have released from slavery. Attorney (Gilbert Boucher) listened to this request and found it foolhardy in law. The case goes then to the Court, made headlines. A cabinet who dared to claim her right? Unheard of!

The trial dragged on for nearly three decades. Attorney left the poor feathers while slavery and economics were challenged with this request. After its success, the slave Furcy sees the collapse of slavery. A man whose historical dimension could not pass unnoticed. It is without doubt that humanism and the need to place the individual at the heart of history that led Mohammed Aïssaoui to pay tribute to this exceptional being.

The author of the Affair The Slave Furcy is literary journalist with Le Figaro. Using his flair as a writer, he knew we retrace the facts while avoiding the pitfalls of compiling too often seen in books of this kind. For him, everything was triggered the March 16, 2005, when the archives of "Deal" had been auctioned in Paris at the Hotel Drouot. The public discovered handwritten letters, accounts, transcripts, pleadings ... Aïssaoui , who was present, Not content to this auction. He nosed patiently records the BNF, the departmental archives of the Meeting, and his book seems like the novel of our wanderings and our blindness. Here there is life, survival, the belief that freedom has no color. It is ultimately the history of our humanity confiscated by a racial theory of scales. A book to read urgent in these times when we fill your ears with extreme theories ...

Read Mohammed Aïssaoui , The Case of the slave Furcy , Gallimard, 2010 .

Can I Use Oragel On A Cut

Africa again and again dependent

celebrate "the anniversary of African independence" seems at first glance a commendable initiative. The festivities are not lacking here and there. But behind them lie the disillusionment "crunched" in the novel very current The Suns of Independence are the Ivorian Ahmadou Kourouma . Africa since the Sixties - year of emancipation against the colonial yoke - is the scene of atrocities that could most simply explained by a supposed atavistic barbarism or a biblical curse. ( photo: Congolese Patrice Lumumba, is emblematic of a free Africa ).

While we believe that the end of the Cold War - and hence the East-West America USSR - foreshadowed a way forward for Africa, forms of domination have metamorphosed, more pernicious and more painful for African populations. The major powers have stormed the continent, now strategic territory. The conflicts have multiplied: Liberia, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, the Great Lakes ... A long list and fatal.

Basically, the proliferation of dictatorial nations after independence has not helped: African dictators became (and remain) relays the former colonial powers which kept (and keep) infusion in power. The years ninety were the darkest. "The speech of the Baule" given by Mitterrand in 1990 gave us the illusion that democracy would wind blowing. It was hoped the end of sponsorship by the West African dictatorships and the departure of these leaders for life. This was not the case ...

Whereas in 1994 South Africa emerged from apartheid to democratic elections, Africa had danced. But this joy was short lived because that year one of the tragedies of the continent's darkest black burst: genocide planned and executed methodically long by Hutus against Tutsis. This latest tragedy is the result of colonial configuration, with the division of the African people - the Belgians who, in turn, introduces the ethnic identity card while France tried hard to support the totalitarian regime of Juvenal Habyarimana. We are independent on paper. It remains to conquer independence of our thinking, and this requires a revision of our attitude, a comprehensive review of our consciousness. What party do we now? The Independence on paper or the dependence of consciousness?